HISTORY OF GREAT BUILDING : BURJ KHALIFA
We are going to know about a tallest building BURJ KHALIFA
"Burj Dubai" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Bur Dubai, a district of Dubai.
| Burj Khalifa | |
|---|---|
| برج خليفة | |
Burj Khalifa in Octobqer 2012
| |
| Former names | Burj Dubai |
| Record height | |
| Tallest in the world since 2009[I] | |
| Preceded by | Taipei 101 |
| General information | |
| Type | Mixed-use |
| Architectural style | Neo-futurism |
| Location | 1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard, Dubai,United Arab Emirates |
| Coordinates | 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″E |
| Construction started | 6 January 2004 |
| Completed | 31 December 2009[1] |
| Opening | 4 January 2010[2] |
| Cost | USD $ 1.5 billion[3] |
| Height | |
| Architectural | 828 m (2,717 ft)[4] |
| Tip | 829.8 m (2,722 ft)[4] |
| Roof | 828 m (2,717 ft) |
| Top floor | 584.5 m (1,918 ft) (Level 154)[4] |
| Observatory | 555.7 m (1,823 ft) (Level 148)[4] |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 154 usable floors[4][5] plus 9 maintenance levels, 46 spire levels,[6] and 2 below-ground parking levels |
| Floor area | 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft)[4] |
| Lifts/elevators | 57 (55 single deck and 2 double deck), made by Otis Elevator Company |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | Adrian Smith at SOM |
| Developer | Emaar Properties[4] |
| Structural engineer | Bill Baker at SOM[7] |
| Main contractor |
|
| Website | |
| www | |
Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة, Arabic for "Khalifa Tower"; pronouncedEnglish /ˈbɜːrdʒ kəˈliːfə/), known as Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[4][9]
Construction of Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It is designed to be the centerpiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The decision to build the building is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy, and for Dubai to gain international recognition. The building was named in honor of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts. The building broke numerous height records.
Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), whose firm designed theWillis Tower and One World Trade Center. Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project. The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture, incorporating cultural and historical elements particular to the region, such as the spiral minaret. The Y-shaped plan is designed for residential and hotel usage. A buttressed core structural system is used to support the height of the building, and the cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's summer temperatures. A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed with a capacity of 12 to 14 passengers per cabin.
Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive, and the building has received many awards. However, the labor issues during construction were controversial, since the building was built primarily by workers from South and East Asia, who earned low wages and were reportedly housed in poor conditions.
Development
Construction began on 6 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010,[2][10] and is part of the new 2 km2(490-acre) development calledDowntown Dubai at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district. The tower's architecture and engineering were performed bySkidmore, Owings and Merrill ofChicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as chief structural engineer.[11][12] The primary contractor was Samsung C&T ofSouth Korea.[13] The tower's construction was done by the construction division of Al Ghurair Investment group.[14][15]
Conception
Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that would include 30,000 homes, nine hotels (includingThe Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) man-made Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He (SheikhMohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[16] The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010.[17] It was renamed in honor of the ruler ofAbu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of USD so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects.[17]In 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from an economic crisis in 2007–2010, leaving large scale projects already in construction abandoned.
Records
- Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)
- Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)
- Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)
- Tallest skyscraper (to top of spire): 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)
- Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Tower – 527.3 m or 1,730 ft)
- Building with most floors: 163 (previously World Trade Center – 110)[18]
- Building with world's highest occupied floor: 584.5 m (1,918 ft)[19][20]
- World's highest elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[21]
- World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[21][22]
- Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[23]
- World's tallest structure that includes residential space[24]
- World's highest observation deck: 148th floor at 555 m (1,821 ft)[25][26]
- World's highest outdoor observation deck: 124th floor at 452 m (1,483 ft)
- World's highest installation of analuminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[27]
- World's highest nightclub: 144th floor
- World's highest restaurant(At.mosphere): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[28][29]
- World's highest New Year display offireworks.[30]
- World's second highest swimming pool: 76th floor[31] (world's highest swimming pool is located on 118th floor of Ritz-Carlton Hotel atInternational Commerce Centre, Hong Kong).
History of height increases
Burj Khalifa compared with some other well-known tall structures
There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft)Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia's Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM).[32] Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, in late 2008 said that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m (2,651 ft) tall.[33]
The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the current height.[citation needed] It has been explicitly stated that this change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's attempts to make the crown more slender.[3
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